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Helen Clay Frick (1888—1984) was an American philanthropist and art collector. She was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the third child of the coke and steel magnate Henry Clay Frick (1849–1919) and Adelaide Howard Childs (1859–1931). Two of her siblings did not reach adulthood, and her father played favorites with his two surviving children, Childs Frick (1883–1965) and Helen. After the reading of their father's will, which favored Helen, the brother and sister were estranged for the rest of their lives. Nonetheless, Helen developed as a strong, independent and feisty young woman. She was equally interested in art history and philanthropy, making a catalogue of her father's art collection as a young woman, a collection which became the Frick Collection in New York. Her interest in the history of art resulted in her establishing the Frick Art Reference Library, which was originally housed in the bowling alley of the Frick family mansion in New York City at 1 East 70th Street. In 1924, a separate two and one-half story building was constructed at 6 East 71st Street to house the library, which was replaced in 1935 by the present thirteen story building at 10 East 71st Street.〔Knox, Katharine McCook (1979). ''The Story of the Frick Art Reference Library: The Early Years''. New York: The Library, 38〕 The Library houses photographs and archival records that document the history of Western art, many works of which were lost during World Wars I and II. She also established an art library at the University of Pittsburgh and, later in her life, built the Frick Art Museum on the grounds of Clayton to house her private art collection. ==Early life: Pittsburgh and New York== Helen's father was chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company, a partner in business with Andrew Carnegie; together the two men founded United States Steel Corporation.〔 Helen's early life was shaped by her father's wealth and reputation as a ruthless industrialist and union strikebreaker, and especially by the attempt on his life by Alexander Berkman, after the Homestead Strike of 1892. The strike lasted 60 days, resulted in 10 deaths and 60 wounded – the Pinkertons had been brought in to quell the strike – and only ended when the National Guard were sent in by the order of Pennsylvania's governor. Frick's actions were seen as heroic by men such as Andrew Mellon and J. P. Morgan but earned him a reputation as an enemy of the working class, and he became known as "Frick, the strike breaker".〔 Two days after that assassination attempt Frick's son died.〔Lockhard (1997), 10〕 A year earlier his first-born daughter, Martha, died – from swallowing a pin while on a trip in Europe – after an excruciatingly painful illness that lasted several years. Her sister's illness formed Helen's earliest memories.〔Sanger (2007), 8-14〕 After the deaths of her siblings, Helen grew up in a household of obsessive mourning,〔Lockhard (1997), 10〕 and she was greatly affected by witnessing her sister's death.〔 She grew up in Pittsburgh on the family's estate, Clayton, where she was educated by a Swiss governess.〔 As a child she showed an interest in her father's art collection, going so far as advising and giving opinions about various paintings.〔Lifson (2012), 22〕 In the 1890s, after the Homestead Strike, Carnegie and Frick became bitter enemies over control of Carnegie's holdings.〔 At the end of the 1890s Carnegie moved to New York, and Frick moved his family there a few years later, in 1905. He leased the Vanderbilt house at 640 5th Avenue, bought the old Lenox Library and began building the Henry Clay Frick House on 5th Avenue, on which he spent about $5 million. He employed a 27-member staff to cater to himself, his wife, and Helen.〔"Carnegie vs. Frick: Dueling Egos on Fifth Avenue". ''New York Times''. April 2, 2000. Retrieved November 14, 2014〕 Helen went to finishing school at the Spence School, graduating in 1908.〔("Helen Clay Frick" ). ''The Frick Collection''. Frick.org. Retrieved November 14, 2014〕 She returned frequently to Pittsburgh, where she had her social debut in 1906.〔Lockhard (1997), 9〕 Helen traveled frequently and kept detailed diaries and notes about galleries and museums she visited. By age 17 she had been to Europe nine times, visiting the Louvre, Uffizi, Prado, Pinakothek, the National Gallery, as well as visiting churches and cathedrals. Additionally, she gained access to private collections with her father on buying expeditions. It was during these trips that she became interested in art archives, spending time in the archives at London's Record Office and in Paris' Musee des Archives.〔 In 1908 she went with her family to Europe where they visited London, Paris, Madrid, Barcelona and Florence. In Paris, Helen, her father and brother visited Alphonse James de Rothschild's widow, the Baroness Rothschild, whose art collection was reputedly the most important in Europe. Helen's father bought two El Greco's on Helen's advice.〔Sanger (2007), 68〕 Back in New York, she decided to established a home for women textile workers in Wenham, Massachusetts.〔 On a visit to Boston's North Shore, she had become aware of the life of shoe-workers in Lynn, Massachusetts and in the textile mills farther north; and upon her return from Europe she asked her father to purchase a home to provide the women with the opportunity to rest and recuperate.〔Sanger (2007), 69-70〕 The home became known as the "Iron Home Vacation Home for Working Girls".〔"Helen Clay Frick Dies at 96". ''New York Times''. November 10, 1984. Retrieved December 02, 2014〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Helen Clay Frick」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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